Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The research addresses politically motivated hate speech in Albanian-language triggered by recent political events. An evident reactive hate dominates the comment section of political news outlet in social media, so that one is moved to detect the underlying partisan motivations of this hostility. Some comments provide answers and others suggest reasons that reflect a spreading animosity towards politics and its traditional or emerging actors. Robert Entman’s frame paradigm offers a theoretical foundation to detect hate speech embedded in mediated interaction in digital platforms. This research combines framing with interpretative insights derived from critical discourse analysis to capture deeper causal logics embedded in frames as a communicating text. Findings reveal that politically motivated hate speech is often normalized and legitimized in digital interaction when it is frames around some thematic issues such as national identity, moral values, economic development. Hate speech targets include political actors and institutions, collective outer groups in some cases. Recurring narrative patterns highlight responsibility attribution and negative moral evaluation, which reinforce shared perceptions about political legitimacy, and underlying legacy. The research suggests that a context-sensitive approach when addressing hate speech detection helps to understand mechanisms of its construction in order to design preventive initiatives.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author declares that the submitted to Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society (Je-LKS) is original and that is has neither been published previously nor is currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
The author agrees that SIe-L (Italian Society of e-Learning) has the right to publish the material sent for inclusion in the journal Je-LKS.
The author agree that articles may be published in digital format (on the Internet or on any digital support and media) and in printed format, including future re-editions, in any language and in any license including proprietary licenses, creative commons license or open access license. SIe-L may also use parts of the work to advertise and promote the publication.
The author declares s/he has all the necessary rights to authorize the editor and SIe-L to publish the work.
The author assures that the publication of the work in no way infringes the rights of third parties, nor violates any penal norms and absolves SIe-L from all damages and costs which may result from publication.
The author declares further s/he has received written permission without limits of time, territory, or language from the rights holders for the free use of all images and parts of works still covered by copyright, without any cost or expenses to SIe-L.
For all the information please check the Ethical Code of Je-LKS, available at http://www.je-lks.org/index.php/ethical-code
References
- Arendt, H. (1990). On violence. Harcourt, Brace & World.
- Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3
- Bayer, J., & Bard, P. (2020). Hate speech and hate crime in the EU and the evaluation of online content regulation approaches (Study requested by the LIBE Committee, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, European Parliament). Publications Office of the European Union.
- http://doi.org/10.2861/28047
- Bogdani, M., Faloppa, F., & Karaj, S. (2021). Mapping hate speech in Albania. Council of Europe.
- Castells, M. (2009). Communication power. Oxford University Press.
- Council of Europe. (2022). Recommendation CM/Rec (2022)16 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on combating hate speech. Council of Europe.
- Çepani, A., Çerpja, A. (2026). Digital morphology of the Albanian language. Journal of Responsible Technology, 25, 100151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2026.100151
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
- European Commission & High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2023). Joint communication to the European Parliament and the Council: No place for hate: A Europe united against hatred https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/no-place-hate-europe-united-against-hatred-2023-12-06_en
- European Commission. (2023). The European Online Hate Lab. Publications Office of the European Union. http://doi.org/10.2838/59442
- Fetahi, E., Hamiti, M., Susuri, A., Ajdari, J., & Zenuni, X. (2024). AI-based hate speech detection in Albanian social media: New dataset and mobile web application integration. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 18(24), 190-208. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v18i24.50851
- Faloppa F. (2011). Razzisti a parole (per tacer dei fatti). Laterza.
- Floridi, L. (Ed.) (2015). The Onlife Manifesto: Being human in a hyperconnected era. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6
- Fetahi, M., Susuri E., Hamiti, M., Kastrati, Z., Canhasi, E., & Misin9, A. (2025). Enhancing social media hate speech detection in low-resource languages using transformers and explainable AI. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 15, Article 82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-025-01497
- Forzinetti, E., Della Vedova, M. L., Pasta, S., & Santerini, M. (2024). Indicators for characterising online hate speech and its automatic detection. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.08462
- Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An Integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264.
- https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
- Kaçuri, M (2023). Explainability of hate speech classification for Albanian language using rule-based system and neural networks (Diploma thesis). Technische Universität Wien.
- https://doi.org/10.34726/hss.2023.105780
- Kopani, H., & Llapushi, R. (2025). Fine-tuning GPT-3.5 for hate speech detection in Albanian YouTube comments: Challenges and analysis. In K., Dhoska & E. Spaho (Eds.) Bridging Horizons in Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Cybersecurity, Smart cities and Digital Economy: Sustainable Economy and Ecotechnology (pp. 243-261). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72029-1 20.
- Matthes, J., & Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability and validity. Journal of Communication, 58(2), 258-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x
- Nikolla, A. (2011). L’uomo nuovo Albanese. Tra morale comunista e crisi della transizione. Bonanno Editore.
- Pasta, S. (2018). Razzismi 2.0: Analisi socio-educativa dell’odio online. Scholé.
- Petersen, M. B., Osmundsen, M., Arceneaux, K., et al. (2023). The need for chaos and the sharing of hostile political rumors in advanced democracies. American Political Science Review, 117(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000759
- Petersen, M. B., Osmundsen, M., Bechmann, A., Lindekilde, L., Sherson, J., Bor, A., et al. (2020-2025). Research on online political hostility (ROPH) Aarhus University, Department of Political Science. https://ps.au.dk/forskningsprojekter/research-on-online-politcal-hostility/about-the-roph-project
- Pollack Sarnecki, H., Lioufas, A., & Jarlsbo, M. (2023). Rotten democracy – Conspiracy propaganda, racism and violence (Report No. FOI-R-5473-SE). Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI)
- Rivoltella, P. C. (2018). Prefazione in Razzismi 2.0: Analisi socio-educativa dell’odio online. Scholé.
- Rivoltella, P. C. (2017). Tecnologie di comunità. ELS La Scuola.
- Siegel, A. A. (2020). Online hate speech. Princeton University Press.
- United Nations. (2022). United Nations strategy and plan of action on hate speech. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/genocide-prevention/hate-speech/strategy-plan-action
- Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Toward a theory of context: The socio-cognitive approach. Cambridge University Press.
- Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. Sage.
- Van Dijk, T. A. (2011). Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction (2nd ed.). Sage Publications
- Wodak, R. (2015). The historical-discursive approach. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse studies (3rd ed., pp.23-61). Sage Publications.